Library and Information Science Education in India: In the early 19th Century, young people learned librarianship by working under the more experienced practitioners. But, gradually the tasks performed by librarians became more complex and more dependent on technology. As a result, the study of library science has moved from the work-setting to professional schools in Universities. The first ever library school was started by Melvil Dewey in USA in 1887 at Columbia College (now Columbia University). In 1889 the programme moved to the New York State Library in Albany when Dewey became the Director there. The success of Dewey’s training programme and the publication of Training for Library Service, a book by the economist Charles Williamson in 1923, led other universities, institutes of technology, and large public libraries to establish their own professional degree programmes in library science.
1. First Course of Library
Science in India: In India
the existence of in service training was initiated by John Macfarlane, the
first librarian of the Imperial Library (Now National Library) at Calcutta from
1901-06, as mentioned in some reports. In subsequent years, the training
programme was opened to the staff of other libraries and even those interested
in librarianship who deal with books and other documents.
i) Baroda School: In 1911, Siyaji Rao Gaikwad
(1862-1939), the ruler of Baroda state called the American librarian Mr.
William Allenson Borden (1853-1931), a disciple of Melvil Dewey to create a cadre
of men for the newly established libraries in the state library system. In 1912,
he initiated the first training school in library education in India. In 1913, another training
class for working librarians of town libraries was started. These classes
continued even after the departure of Borden.
2. Certificate, Diploma, and
Training Courses
i) Lahore School: In 1912, the Punjab University called another librarian Mr. Asa Don
Dickinson (1876–1960) from USA.
He started the second educational course of three month duration in library
science in the year 1915. This happens to be the first university course in India. Mr. Asa Don Dickinson later
become the Librarian of Panjab University, Lahore (now Pakistan)
during 1915–1916.
ii) Andhra Desa: The Andhra Desa Library Association
(founded in 1914) started conducting “training classes for the library workers”
at Vijayawadain 1920. The classes
covered a module on running adult education classes in addition to library
technique.
iii) Mysore State: In 1920, a course for the training of
librarians was conducted at Bangalore under the “program of library
development” initiated by the then Dewan of Mysore Mr. M. Visweswaraya.
iv) Madras Library Association: A
summer school for college librarians and lecturers in charge of college
libraries in Madras was
held in 1928 and repeated in 1930. The Madras Library Association also
organized a regular certificate course in library science from 1929. Then in
1931, University of Madras took
up the training course of MALA in 1931 and started offering the course on a
regular basis.
v) Andhra University: Andhra University started a certificate course in 1935,
which was leter abandoned.
vi) Imperial Library, Calcutta: The
Imperial library, Calcutta started a training class under the supervision
of its librarian Mr. K. M. Asudulah in 1935. It was a full time regular Diploma
course in librarianship at the Imperial Library, Calcutta (now National Library, Kolkata). It
continued till 1946.
i) University of Madras: University of Madras, in 1937, introduced a one year Post Graduate
Diploma course in place of the certificate course of three month duration. This
was the first P G Diploma in library science in India.
ii) Banaras Hindu University:
The second university to start a post graduate diploma course was the Banaras Hindu University in 1942.
iii) Bombay University: University of Bombay initiated
a diploma course similar to Banaras Hindu University in 1943.
iv) Government of India’s in-Service Training Course: A training course for the staff
working in various government organizations was started in 1953. This course
was recognized as equivalent to the university diploma courses.
4. Degree Courses
i) Aligarh Muslim University:
In 1947, Aligarh Muslim University started B.Lib. Science Course for the
first time in the country.
ii) University of Delhi: University of Delhi was the first university to establish
a full fledged Department of Library Science in 1946. It also instituted the
first post diploma degree course in 1948. In 1949, the structure was changed.
The programme of Master of Library Science was introduced as a two year course
with the first year leading to Bachelor of Library Science.
In
between 1956-59, six new LIS departments were established at Aligarh Muslim University, MS University of Baroda, Nagpur University,
Osmania University, Pune University and Vikram University.
iii) Madras University:
In 1960, Madras University replaced its full time one year
diploma course to B.LibSc. Degree course. By mid 1960, many other universities
had fallen in the line of university of Madras following
the recommendation of Review Committee Report of UGC in introducing
different degree courses.
iv) Government Polytechnique for Women: The Government polytechnique for women,
Ambala, Bangalore, Chandigarh, Delhi,
Jullandhur, Rourkela started post matric (class X) diploma
courses of two years duration in late 1960s.
v) Documentation Research and Training
Centre (DRTC): In 1962,
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan established Documentation Research and Training Centre at Bangalore.
Previously DRTC courses were of 14 month duration which was later on moved to
two years programme.
vi) Indian National Scientific Documentation
Centre (INSDOC): INSDOC
conducted a short term course for Asian Documentalists in 1963. In 1964, it
started a one year post graduate course in Documentation and Reprography
leading to “Associateship in Documentation and Reprography”. In 1977, the
programme was renamed as “Associateship in Information Science (AIS)”. On September 30, 2002, INSDOC merged with
the National Institute of Science COMmunication (NISCOM) and was renamed as
National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources
(NISCAIR). At present, it is conducting “Courses in Information Science”.
The
DRTC and NISCAIR in Delhi concentrate on the training of
professionals for special and industrial libraries and information centers.
Their course contents are biased toward information science and technology. The
programme of these two institutes is a class apart from other similar programmes
offered by various institutes.
In
India advanced professional education has remained attached to universities,
though there are some regional library associations conducting certificate
courses of a few months duration and women polytechnics offering post-masters
two year diplomas in library science to train paraprofessionals. At present,
about 107 institutions, mostly university colleges and polytechnics, have
library science education courses. Out of these, the M.Lib.I.Sc. course is
being offered by more than 75 universities.
5. Five Year Integrated Course in LIS: In 2010, University of
Calcutta introduces five year integrated course in Library & Information
Science and thus becomes the first university to launch such course in LIS
domain. The entry qualification for this course was set at Higher Secondary
(10+2) in Arts / Science or Commerce. Launching of this course will force the
learners to choose the LIS by choice and not by chance. It will again help the
students to grasp and understand the contents for LIS in a better and
exhaustive way.
6. Present Status of LIS Education in India: A
few departments and associations provide Certificate Courses in Library and
Information Science (CLIS) and Diploma in Library and Information Science
(DLIS). The others provide BLISc and MLISc courses. In most of the universities,
the prerequisite for admission into the Bachelor or Master degree course in
Library and Information Science is 10+2+3 years of education from any faculty
(arts, science, commerce etc). The majority of the universities generally
conduct two separate courses for the Bachelor’s degree followed by the Master
of Library and Information Science of one year (or two semesters) duration
each. In recent years, some institutions have offered two years of integrated
courses of four semester duration. The University of Calcutta went a step ahead and introduced five years
integrated course in LIS with entry qualification as 10 +2.
Specialization:
Students in most schools of library and information science have the
opportunity to develop at least some degree of specialization. Some may take
advanced courses in particular library functions, such as reference work, while
others may take courses related to a particular type of library, such as a
course in medical librarianship or public librarianship or academic
librarianship. In simple, there
are many different courses available in LIS. It makes the professionals
available to work at all levels of library irrespective of type, structure and
function.
Syllabus: The University Grants Commission (UGC), from
time to time recommended the broader outlines of courses of Library and
Information Science. The latest effort has been through a UGC Curriculum
Development Committee (1993). The UGC and other higher bodies now give emphasis
to semester system rather than annual system, and credit-based rather than
marks-based system. Every university being autonomous is free to frame its own
course of studies, and syllabi of many universities / schools are quite
modernized.
All programmes
to educate librarians share certain characteristics. Programmes typically offer
courses in the history of books and librarianship to give students a background
in the profession’s past. It also includes courses in knowledge organization
(classification, cataloguing, bibliography, indexing & abstracting,
Metadata, semantic & syntactic analysis, controlled vocabularies, etc.),
collection development (acquisition), information seeking behaviors of users,
search strategies, library services (dissemination of the acquired library
materials, reference), and management of the collection (preservation &
conservation of documents). It also includes contents related to scholarly
communication (bibliometrics, informetrics, scientometrics, webmetrics),
digital libraries and ICT.
* ICT as an Integral Part:
Technology is entering in a very big way to LIS where it has been used
extensively to store and retrieve information in different forms and
structures. This new dimension is reflected in the course structure of almost
all universities that provides courses in LIS. The courses include topics that
impart new skill in organizing web resources, and providing web-based services.
* Practical Exposure: All
courses provide scope of practical knowledge rather than restricting to only
theory. Even some universities make it compulsory for their learners to undergo
some apprenticeship courses before practicing the librarianship.
Problems
with Present LIS Education and Research
* Limited Accommodation
Capacity: All universities which provide Library and Information
Science courses witness a great flow of learners. But they are able to
accommodate only a limited number of such desired students.
* A Very
Competitive Entrance Examination: In most of the universities, students
desire to study the LIS has to go through a very competitive entrance
examination for admission.
* Limitation as a
Professional Subject: LIS is a professional course and so it has the limitations
of any other professional courses. The non-inclusion of Library and Information
Science in UPSC, Civil Service / State Public Service Commission examination,
SET / SLET is a very common.
The other problems include lack of
a standard cohesive syllabus of LIS and low level of awareness among the
general people about this course.
7. LIS Research in India: The
LIS research briefly means the collection and analysis of original data on a
problem of librarianship, done within the library school according to
scientific and scholarly standard. Research in this connection broadly includes
investigation, studies, surveys, academic work at the doctoral, post doctoral
and research staff level, It also includes in house or action research by
practicing librarians, information personnel and documentalist, etc. The aim of
research in LIS, like any other discipline is to contribute towards the
advancement of subject and contribution to the existing knowledge.
a) Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan’s Effort: The era
of LIS research in India started with S. R. Ranganathan. He has
done individual research for several years. His works that lead to some of the
fundamental and theoretical principles have dominated the research activities
for five decades. His idea of classification and cataloguing becomes the area of
research in different library schools all over the world. The library and
academic community of those days, even today also respect him as a pioneer
researcher in LIS. Some of his worth notable contributions are
a) Five laws of
library science
b) Colon Classification
c) Prolegomena
to library classification
d) Classified
Catalogue Code
e) Documentation
and its facets
f) Library
administration, etc.
b) M. Phil
Programme
i) University of Delhi: University of Delhi was the first to introduce M. Phil
programme in Library and Information Science in 1980. Today more than 11
universities offer the M.Phil programme. The duration of M. Phil programme in almost
all universities in this country is one year.
c) Ph.D.
Programme
i) University of Delhi: The credit for introducing the
doctoral degree programme in library science in India goes to Dr. S. R. Ranganathan
(1892–1972). In 1951, he started the same in Delhi University in 1958. The university
offered first doctoral degree in Library science to D. B. Krishan Rao for his
“Facet Analysis and Depth Classification of Agriculture” under the guidance of
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan. In 1977, Panjab University, Chandigarh offered the second Ph.D. Today more
than 35 Universities in India have Ph.D. research facilities.
ii) Documentation Research and Training
Centre (DRTC): In 1962,
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan established Documentation Research and Training Centre at Bangalore.
Since its inception, it has been carrying out research studies on documentation
and related areas.
iii) Library Associations: The contribution of library
association of India towards research activities is
negligible. They restrict their activities in the field of publication of
journals, organization of seminars, conferences and workshop, etc. only. The
ILA, IASLIC are the mentionable among them.
iv) Funding of LIS Research in India: The University
Grant Commission (UGC) is promoting LIS research by awarding different kinds of
fellowship to the students. Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)
and Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) are also
promoting LIS research programme by awarding scholarship to doctoral students.
Till
March, 1997, 350 theses have been awarded under various Indian universities.
d) D.Litt
Programme: In 1992, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar awarded D.Litt. to Dr. B. B. Shukla.
It claimed to be the first such degree in library science all over the world.
8. Let Us Sum Up: The
library and information science deals with all aspects of information and
knowledge which includes acquisition of materials, classification and
cataloguing, searching tools, information retrieval, preservation and
conservation of documents and so on.
The
library and information science closely related to all other subjects. It forms
its own foundation by taking the help of some other subjects.
Dr.
S. R. Ranganathan in a pionner in the field of Library and Information Science
in the world as a whole and India
in particular. He contributed almost to all aspects of the library science.
Nowadays many university and colleges provides different courses in Library and
Information and its related subjects. It ranges from certificate course to PhD.
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