UGC NET Paper II and III Write up Management Ph 078-380-239-56

Management: Right from the dawn of human civilization man has been acquiring and sharpening the principle of management for better understanding of nature, better exploitation of resources, better human relations, better organization and governance. As such management is quite dynamic and flexible and responsible to changes in the social concept and economic condition. Management structure is pyramid, i.e broadest at the base and tapering towards the top.

The term management as used in business has a fairly precise meaning and includes the four basic functions of planning, organizing, motivation (personnel) and controlling. In simple, management means getting things done in a proper manner without conflict or with least conflict. The purpose of management function is to yield the optimum good result by using the resources at hand. The available resources may not be sufficient but the management attempts to get the best result in a given situation.

According to ALA Glossary of library and information science “management may be defined as the process of coordinating the total resources of an organization towards the accomplishment of the desired goals of that organization through the execution of a group of interrelated function such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.

John Franklin Mee has analyzed a number of definitions and arrived at a definition which defines management as being composed of three elements-

i) Objectives for group effort must exist;

ii) A process based on logic must be followed in attaining objectives and

iii) People must be utilized in the process to attain objectives.

Management is “the function….concerned in the execution of policy within the limits set up by administration and the employment of the organization for the particular objects before it.” Perhaps the simplest and most useful definition of management is “achievement of objectives through other people”.

Management has been practiced in some form ever since the dawn of human civilization. However, systematic study of management as a separate branch of knowledge is a product of 20^th century. It was confined to the study of organization, functions, powers and activities etc. of the public authorities. Later, attempt was made to determine rules for effective and efficient administrative organization on the basis of empirical evidence.

Managers are needed to convert disorganized resources of people equipment and finance into a useful enterprise. The modern library managers are needed to exercise a positive influence to make things happen, to be a dynamic, innovative force, to initiate change and follow through action. To design job structure which will satisfy the social need of staff member by providing opportunities for self expression, inner security and human satisfaction.

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UGC NET Paper II and III Write up Library Rules and Its Components , Ph 078-380-239-56

Library Rules and Its Components: The library rules lay down the privileges and duties of the library members so that they may know their limits precisely and there may not be any confusion. These rules and regulations serve as a guideline to deal with the public. In the absence of such rules it may be difficult for the library to meet the demands of its users. Freedom without any limits cannot be called freedom because a person who claims freedom to himself to do any act which is injurious to the freedom of another person will deny the other person his freedom. So the diction “right” implies “duties” and “vigilance is the price of freedom” should be the guiding factors. The components of the library rules may be as follows:

a) About the Library: A brief description about the library, its history, aims and objectives.

b) Library Hours, Holidays: A library shall be kept open on all days from 9 am to 9 pm except on national holidays unless decided otherwise by the library committee. The issue counter shall be closed one hour before the closing of the library.

c) Library Collection: The reference collection, rare books, thesis, periodicals may not be issued out.

d) Library Services / Facilities: Circulation, reservation, reprography, inter library loan, bibliographical services can be considered as a must in every kind of library.

e) Membership Eligibility: To get enrolled as a member of a library a person shall fill and sign the enrollment form. The category of members may be administrative staff of the parent institution, teachers, research scholars, students, and others.

f) Admission to the Library: Only regular members of the library should have the admission privileges. However, non-members shall be admitted only by special permit to be issued by the librarian or his deputy during his absence. Membership identity card shall be shown at the counter when requested. Every member shall enter his name and membership number in the gate register.

g) Property Counter: Sticks, umbrellas, boxes, personal books and such other items should be left at the property counter.

h) Membership Privileges: Each category of member shall be given as many reader’s tickets as many volumes of books he/she is entitled to borrow at one time. The category can be as follows

Administrative Staff – 5 volumes

Teacher – 20 volumes

Research Scholar – 15 volumes

Honors Student – 10 volumes

Students – 5 volumes

The borrowers must satisfy themselves about the physical condition of the books before borrowing. They shall be held responsible for any damage or mutilation noticed at the time of returning. In the membership privileges itself the condition of loan, period of loan, overdue charge, condition of renewal should also be listed out. A member who loses a ticket shall make a written report to the Librarian. He shall be responsible for the misuse of the reader’s tickets. Duplicate ticket shall be issued after a lapse of two weeks from the date of such a notice and on payment of Rs. 100. He/she shall also be required to sign an indemnity bond.

            A member, who infringes rules, shall be liable to forfeit his privilege of admission to and borrowing of books from the library.

i) Do’s and don’ts: Library rules include those regarding the prevention of misuse of library resources, maintenance of silence, prohibiting spitting and smoking, switching of the mobile phone or keeping it in vibration mode, and so on. The rules also insist that no person shall damage or disfigure books or other property of the library. A member shall have to replace such books or other properties those are damaged or must make payment for the value thereof.

j) Others: The rules also include the scope for their modification. The cases of misbehavior or discourtesy by the staff or unwillingness to provide service shall be reported to the librarian or his deputy during his absence.

The rules to be framed by a library should be worded in such a way that an average user can understand them. The main rules should be printed on the library tickets, book label, pocket and the back cover of the book.

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UGC NET Paper II and III Write up Library Consortia , Ph 078-380-243-65

Library Consortia: The basic premise of consortia is that its members can collectively achieve more than what they can achieve as individual institutions.

a) Definition: According to American Heritage Dictionary a consortium is “a cooperative arrangement among groups or institution,” or “an association or society”. According to Oxford English Dictionary, “Consortium means temporary cooperation of a number of powers, companies, etc. for a common purpose. It is an association of similar type of organization / institution who are engaged for producing and servicing the common things / for providing services for a specific purpose of its users.”

Library consortium is a “community (a cooperative) of two or more information agencies which have formally agreed to coordinate, cooperate or consolidate certain function” to achieve mutual objectives. It is an association of a group of libraries to achieve mutually the joint benefits. It provides a way for its members to conduct business in a comparative manner.

Library consortia is a network for buying and accessing e- information in a cooperative arrangement among a group of libraries in providing instant access to greater resources for the users of the individual libraries. One of the libraries or agencies of the consortia works as coordinator for identification of libraries for each publisher, negotiation, legal matters, etc. Library consortia may vary from being decentralized to highly centralize in nature. The degree of centralization of consortium is the primary factor affecting not only how member institutions interact with one another, but also maintain relationship with external party (publisher/vendor). More decentralized the consortium, the greater the degree of autonomy each member retains.

b) Precondition for Consortia: Technological developments, electronic publishing of scholarly journals, emergence of consortia, pricing models of publishers are some of the factors that create the condition for the development of the library consortia.

i) Emergence of Electronic Document: The whole world is moving towards electronic publishing and the cost of the electronic publishing is much less than that of the print version. The users also hope to have access to their learned journals article in electronic form.

ii) Access to Electronic Resources is a Precondition for a Modern Library: Library materials have grown exponentially in many forms and formats like e-books, e-journals, etc. and all these are very essential for the survival of the library itself.

The limitation in finance, space and manpower also stresses upon the need for library consortia.

c) Benefit of Consortia: Library consortia increases the Cost Benefit Per Subscription. The other advantages are:

i) Reduced Information Cost: Many libraries currently subscribe only to those journals that they can afford. Though interested in other journals yet they cannot afford to provide access to them. Consortia approach helps them to provide the access.

ii) Access to More Resources Than the Capabilities: A number of publishers offer consortia. If the library’s purchase power is big enough they provide access to their whole range of journals – that is, every member of the consortium gets electronic access not only to the journals currently subscribed to but also to all the journals published in the field.

ii) Promoting the Rational Use of Funds: By forming consortia the purchasing power of the collaborating institutions can expand the resource availability and offer automated services.

iii) Ensuring Continuous Subscription: The continuous subscription to the periodicals subscribed is ensure in library consortia.

iv) DDS: Inter-libraries loan services will grow and it is interlinked with the search of the union catalogues which will build effective DDS. Delivery of documents will be fast, either electronically through Xeroxing, fax, courier or e-mail.

Consortia will give the library and also the user extended access- that is, better service for reduced costs. With subscribed resources accessible online in electronic format, the member libraries would have less pressure on space requirement for storing and managing print- based library resources. Moreover, all problems associated with print media such as their wear and tear, location, shelving, binding, organizing, etc. would not be an issue for electronic resources.

d) Development of Library Consortia in India: Library consortia has become quite popular in India and many intuitions some of which are furnish below has made use of it.

i) Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) e-Journals Consortium <http://124.124.221.7>.

ii) The Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy & Astrophysics (FORSA) <http://www.iiap.res.in/library/forsa.html>.

iii) Health Sciences Library & Information Network (HELINET) <http://www.rguhs.ac.in/hn/newhell.htm>.

iv) Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) Knowledge Park <http://www.iciciknowledgepark.com/>.

v) The Indian Institute of Management (IIM)’s Library Consortia.

vi) Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDEST) Consortium <http://paniit.iitd.ac.in/indest/>.

vii) UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research <http://www.tifr.res.in/~libws/>.

viii) UGC- INFONET <http://web.inflibnet.ac.in/info/ugcinfonet/ugcinfonet.jsp>.

ix) ISRO Library Consortium, ICMR Library Consortium, etc.

The library cooperation / resource sharing / networking / consortia or by whatever name we term it aims to improve the existing organizational infrastructure of the participating libraries in terms of finance, manpower, equipment, document, and other library facilities. It improves the effectiveness and efficiencies of the participating libraries to serve the needs of the user, improves access to resources, widens information coverage and accelerates the sphere in the supply of information, and helps in utilizing the available resources to the optimum level.

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