1. History of the Bibliography: the word “bibliography” originated in post classical Greek times. It has been derived from the Greek word “biblion” which means books and “graphein” is to write. So etymologically bibliography changed practically. Since 1763 from “writing of books” to “writing about books”.
The term “bibliography” was first used
by Louis Jacob de Saint Charles in his Bibliographia parisiana (1645-50) and
Konrad Gesner regarded as the father of bibliography, he attempted to list of
all scholarly publications in “bibliotheca universities” which appear in 1545.
Great German bibliographer Ebert define
bibliography as “the science that deals with literary production”
Copinger define bibliography as “the
grammar of literary investigation”
C. W. Claps defined bibliography as “the
systematic listing of the records of human communications”.
The bibliography as defined by Louis
Shores is a “list of written, printed or otherwise produced record of
civilization, which may include books, serials, pictures, films, maps, records,
manuscripts and any other media of communication”.
According to Ranganathan the
bibliography “is a list of document listed together for some purpose. The
purpose is to bring to the attention of the reader an exhaustive or selective
lis of document relevant to his pursuit of study or enquire”.
ALA glossary of library and information
science defined bibliography as “a list of works, documents or bibliographic
items, usually with some relationship between them. E.g by a given author on a
given subject or published in a given place and differing from a catalogue in
that its contents are not restricted to the holding of a single libraries or
group of libraries”.
2. Aims and Functions of Bibliography: Librarianship
is a profession in which what is recorded by what so ever of librarianship is
bibliographies. Bibliography generally serves the following functions:
a) It is a guide
to the literature of a subject: bibliography is actually an index compiled
systematically on a subject, so it serves as a guide to the literature of the
subject.
b) Finding the
existence: A bibliography enables one to find out what has already been written
on his subject and allows him to keep himself well informed and up to date.
This avoids duplication in research, saving him both time and money.
c) Verification
of bibliographic detail: Whenever we are to verify a title or collect
information on any subject we are to consult a bibliography (subject
bibliography). It also helps us to as certain bibliographical data about an
author thus helping in the identification of a document.
d) Location of
material: A bibliography helps in locating the material or book in terms of
place of publication, location in the library on point of purchase.
e) Book
selection: A bibliography by adding a note to each document being listed,
indicate the value of the document to a given type of user. So it helps in
books selection i. e. which book should be consulted for a given purpose.
f) It preserves
documents: bibliography by listing of documents preserve all books, good, bad
and indifferent from oblivion.
g) It provides
list of prior records of civilization: bibliography provide information about
the prior records of communication. Thus it is a vital aid to the study of
history.
a) Analytical Bibliography: According to
Roy B Stokes on analytical bibliography involves “investigation of the physical
nature of the book which can be and frequently is sufficiently exhaustive to
enable all the circumstances of the book manufacture and history to be
revealed”. Analytical or critical bibliography therefore rests to a large
extent upon imperfection in the production process and as such it has been
defined as the physical examination of books.
There would have been virtually no need
of analytical bibliography if every step in the production process was
perfectly accomplished and a perfect book produced in every care. But
unfortunately such perfection has been a rare thing in the history of book
production or has at latest happened in exceptional case.
b) Descriptive Bibliography: Descriptive
bibliography is the application of analytical bibliography to the external form
of the book i.e it concern itself with the materials forms of books and not
with their literary contexts. “its function is primarily that of recording the
bibliography details of the book which has been established during the process
of analytical bibliography.” In Descriptive bibliography the bibliograph
details are kept to minimum because the basic purpose to listing. Descriptive
bibliography aims to describe all variation from this ideal form. But due to
standardization of books production the importance of descriptive bibliography
has decreased greatly.
c) Textual Bibliography: It is an
application of analytical bibliography to the contexts of books. It is a
bibliography applied to textual studies. The main purpose of such a
bibliography is to determine the effect of writing or the printing process on
the correctness or completeness of a text. It helps ascertain the variety of
authorship edition etc. thus textual variation between a manuscript and the
printed books or between various reprints or edition. So the textual
bibliography is more interested in the author’s wards and tries to determine
the exact words that the author intended should constitute his work. The aim is
to prepare definite edition of the original author.
We can say therefore the textual
bibliography is an area which seems to be of great importance for literary
critics rather than librarians or bibliographies.
d) Historical Bibliography: The study of
books “as object of art” may be termed a historical bibliography. It is
concerned with art of writing, printing, illumination and binding. The
historical bibliography makes an attempt to achieve a broad understanding of
the milieu of the book in the context of the world of books, and social and
cultural conditions in existence at the time because the significance of books
is very great in every phase of civilization and of life.
Historical bibliography has to content
itself with the evolution of typefaces from its very early manuscripts origin.
Then again the very material of which the book is compared paper as we know it,
from its handmade stage to that of machine manufactured.
e) Systematic Bibliography: systematic
bibliography is nothing but the listing of books and other reading material
according to some useful system of reference scheme. According to Arundell
Esdaile “to assemble the resulting entries, simple or elaborate as the case may
required into logical and useful arrangement for reference and study” is called
systematic bibliography.
Esdale in his “student’s manual of
bibliography” has divided bibliography into two categories namely primary and
secondary.
i) General or Universal
Bibliography:
In general or universal bibliography, it attempts to include books published in
every country and age and on all subject. It is a survey of all records of
civilization in all fields of knowledge for whatever the time, place, language,
subject or author. It does not matter. In fact there is no universal
bibliography as such but the publish catalogue of great libraries of the world
can be stated to be the nearest approaches to this type of bibliography. Eg.
Library of Congress Catalogue of Books., British Museum General Catalogue of
printed books.
Also Konard Gesner, the father of
bibliography attempts to list all scholarly publication in the world which
appears in 1545, under the title “Bibliotheca Universalis”
ii) Incunabula
Bibliography:
This type of bibliography lists the early printed material upto 15th
century. It was considered a cradle period of printing and the systematic order
in arranging various parts of the book was not followed. Eg. Proctor Robert An
index to the early printed books in the British Museum from the invention of
printing to the year 1300 with notes of those in the Bodleian library. Konard
Burger’s index, London 1960.
iii) Bibliography
of anonymous and pseudonymous works: These types of bibliographies are
arranged alphabetically by title with notes of author, details of publication
and annotations and notes about authority for the ascription. They are also
provided with an index of initials and pseudonyms. Sometimes the titles are
arranged alphabetically with names of the authors in square brackets and notes
about the authority for the attribution at the end. Eg. Dictionary of anonymous
and pseudonymous literature.
iv) Trade
bibliographies:
These types of bibliographies are brought out by large publishing firms engaged
in book production or trade. The books available for sale or purchase are
listed therein. Eg. Whitakers cumulative book list, London, Whitaker British
Book in print etc.
v) National
bibliography:
it is a comprehensive, almost complete record of both written and printed
output in a given country, furnishing description and supplying verification
which cannot found in the less complete bibliographies. So in short a national bibliography
list all documents published in a given country.
The national bibliography is compiled on
the basis of the materials received by the National Libraries under the
copyright act as promulgated in various countries. A national bibliography is
considered a national heritage and its purpose is intellectual not commercial (selling).
It is useful for the researcher and the posterity. Example: Indian National
Bibliography, Kolkata, Central Reference Library, British National
Bibliography, London
B)
Secondary Bibliography: Secondary bibliographies are “those in which
material registered elsewhere is rearranged for the convenience of research”.
In these documents already recorded in primary bibliographies are selected,
analyzed, and rearranged either by subject, author, period or typography.
i) Subject Bibliography: A subject
bibliography is a comprehensive list of all books, periodicals articles,
pamphlets and other analytical materials that have appeared on that subject,
such a bibliography is international in scope since it covers everything that
has been appeared on the subject in different languages and in different
countries of the world. Example: Education Abstract, 1949 to date, Paris,
UNESCO.
ii) Author Bibliography: An author
bibliography is the list of writing by an author together with the works on him
by others.
Example: Mahatma Gandhi: A descriptive
bibliography, compiled by Dr. J. S. Sharma, Delhi, S. Chand, 1955.
iii) Personal Bibliography: A personal
bibliography is a list of writings by others on the different aspects of the
life of a great man together with what he himself has written, printed and
delivered in the form of oratory. Kindly note that personal bibliography is
different from that of author bibliography.
Example: Jawaharlal Nehru: A descriptive
bibliography by Jagdish Saran Sharma, Delhi, S. Chand & Co, 1955.
iv) Bibliophilic Bibliography: A bibliography
that records old and rare books, first editions of celebrated authors is known
as bibliophilic bibliography. These bibliographies are only for those who have
a craze for old and rare books, especially for first edition of books of
celebrated author. They have fancy for such book for their magnificent look,
distinctive physical feature, colorfulness, sumptuous binding, decorative
covers, brilliant illustration and pictorial ornamentation, grand illumination
and beautiful type face, sometimes on sentimental ground and sometimes for
getting original thought of the author.
Example: Johnson, Merie de Vore,
“American first editon”, 4th ed, revised N. Y. Bowker, 1942.
v) Selective Bibliography (Elective): This kind of
bibliography is concerned with the listing of only selected and the best books.
This is useful to those who want to record only the best. This is also serves
as a valuable book selection tool to small and medium-sized libraries.
Example: The best books: A readers’
guide, 3rd ed, by W. S. Sonnenschein, London, Routledge, 1910 – 35,
6 Vol.
vi) Unit Bibliography: It is a list of
different editions adaptations, abridged forms, translations, dramatization,
versification, criticism, etc of a single literary work conveniently arranged
in order to give a comprehensive picture of its literary excellence and
popularity. Every literary work by every author does not deserve a unit
bibliography. It is only in the case of such works which have sound scholars
curiosity by dint of their great literary merit, universal appeal and enormous
popularity that unit bibliographies are compiled.
Example: The Arabian Hight’s
Entertainment with its numerous adaptations and translations.
vii) Bibliography of Bibliographies
(Bibliographic Index): As the bibliographies in various subject fields have
multiplied now a day the compilation of this kind of bibliography has become
imperative. It is a list of bibliographies recorded in a systematic and logical
order. It includes all type of bibliographies in various subject fields,
separately published. This kind of bibliography is also known as bibliographic
index.
Example: Besterman Theodore, “A world
bibliography of bibliographies”.
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